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Metamorphism of the Isua supracrustal belt, the oldest progressive metamorphism and thermal condition of the subduction zone in the Archean

The Isua supracrustal belt (ISB) rocks are dated at about 3.8 Ga and constitute the oldest accretionary complex in the world. Petrochemical and geothermobarometric studies of over 1,500 rock samples in ISB enabled us to estimate the extent of regional metamorphism, petrotectonic environment and subduction- zone geothermal gradient in the Archean. The following lines of evidence indicate the first discovery of progressive, prograde metamorphism from greenschist (Zone A) through Ab-Ep-amphibolite (Zone B) to amphibolite facies (Zones C and D) in the northeast part of the Isua supracrustal belt: (1) systematic change of mineral paragenesis in metabasites and metapelites; (2) progressive change of composition of major metamorphic minerals, including plagioclase, amphibole, chlorite, epidote, and garnet; (3) normal zoning of amphibole and garnet; and (4) absence of any vestige of high-grade metamorphism even in the lowest metamorphic zone (Fig. 20). Geology and geochronological constraints of ISB indicate that the regional metamorphism was related to the subduction of Archean lithosphere. Metamorphic pressures and temperatures of the metamorphism are estimated to be 5 to 7 kbar from Grt-Hbl-Pl-Qz geobarometry and 380‹ to 550Ž from the Grt-Bt geothermometry in Zones B to D (Fig. 21). These P-T estimates indicate that ISB was affected by progressive metamorphism of an intermediate P/T ratio metamorphic facies series, and that it records a much higher geothermal gradient of a subduction zone in the Archean than is known from the Phanerozoic. The high geothermal gradient may have resulted from the subduction of young lithosphere and a high potential temperature of mantle.

The Archean high geothermal gradient led to melting of thick oceanic crust in a thin oceanic plate, creating many huge granitic (tonalite, trondhjemite, and granodiorite) batholiths. The slab melting changed the oceanic crust (density=3.07) into a denser Grt-bearing residue (density=3.55), implying that TTG melt extraction provided a potential driving force for Archean plate tectonics. In addition to the preservation of the oldest accretionary complex, this suggests that Precambrian-type plate tectonics, whose driving force is slab-pull due to densification of the residue of oceanic crust as a consequence of slab melting, was already operating in the Early Archean. The transition from Precambrian-type to Phanerozoic-type plate tectonics may be caused by thinning of oceanic crust and thickening of oceanic lithosphere in the late Archean, due to decrease of mantle temperature (Fig. 21).

Figure 20: Mineral assemblages of metabasites (a) and metapelites (b) in the northeastern area, which are subdivided into four zones based on mineral assemblages and the anorthite content of plagioclase in metabasite. The metamorphic grade ranges from greenschist facies in the northernmost area through epidote-amphibolite transition to amphibolite facies in the southern Unit.

Figure 21:(a) Phase relations of hydrated MORB, modified after Okamoto and Maruyama (1999), and the residual mineral assemblage (shaded region) after partial melting of hydrous Archean basalt (Rapp & Watson, 1995; Vielzeuf & Schmidt, 2001). Also shown are geothermal gradients of Phanerozoic collisional UHP-HP metamorphic belts (Maruyama et al., 1996) and Archean subduction zone metamorphism of the Isua supracrustal belt, accompanied by a recent compilation of P-T estimates of Archean metamorphic belts (Hayashi et al., 2000). Hayashi and others (2000) classified 111 Archean metamorphic terranes into belt, area and composite belts, dependent on the shape. Many Archean metamorphic terrains cannot be simply classified as either gbelth or garea.h Among 111 Archean terrains, they identified 20 metamorphic gbeltsh and 18 gmetamorphic areas.h The rest of them remain unclassified. (b) Schematic illustration of subduction zones, showing contrasting tectonic modes of subducting lithosphere. (b-1) Low-angle subduction of young oceanic lithosphere results in slab melting, supplying felsic magma through the very small volume of mantle wedge to the continent (Precambrian-type). Calculated density profile of Archean oceanic lithosphere indicates formation of highly dense garnet-bearing residues after TTG melt extraction become the slab-pull force. (b-2) Angle of subduction depends on age of oceanic plate. High-angle subduction of old oceanic lithosphere supplies dehydration fluids to the hanging wall of the mantle wedge (Phanerozoic-type).

 
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